We know that photons have no mass and we like to think that gravity only affects things that have a mass. However, photons still get deflected by the Sun and can even orbit around a black hole. How...

In my opinion, if there is one area of mathematics you should really get good at, it would be vector calculus. Learning vector calculus will build a strong basis for understanding any area of...

In this article, we'll derive the Einstein field equations with all calculations done in a step-by-step manner. The Einstein field equations can be derived from the Bianchi identity by postulating...

When I first learned electromagnetism, I was taught that magnetic fields are always created by moving charges, but it was never quite clear to me why moving charged particles specifically create a...

In Lagrangian mechanics, while constraints are often not necessary, they may sometimes be useful. However, what do we actually mean by constraints in Lagrangian mechanics? In Lagrangian mechanics,...

Generalized coordinates are one of the key reasons why other formulations of classical mechanics, such as Lagrangian mechanics, are so useful. However, it's often not exactly clear what generalized...